安防監控系統組成部分有哪些?
安(an)防監控系統(tong)是一門被人們日益重視的新(xin)興專業,就目(mu)前發展(zhan)看(kan),應(ying)用普(pu)及越來越廣,科技(ji)含量越來越高(gao)。幾乎所有高(gao)新(xin)科技(ji)都可促進其發展(zhan),尤其是信(xin)息時(shi)代的來臨(lin),更為(wei)該專業發展(zhan)提供契機。但就監控業界而(er)言,系統(tong)組成一直沒得到(dao)明確的劃(hua)分,這使工程商和用戶之間談到(dao)安(an)防監控系統(tong)時(shi)溝通(tong)很不方便。
對于(yu)安(an)防(fang)監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),根據系(xi)統(tong)(tong)各部(bu)分功能的(de)不同(tong),我(wo)們將整個安(an)防(fang)監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)劃分為七層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)——表現層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、控(kong)制層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、處理層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、傳輸(shu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、執行層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、支撐層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、采集(ji)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。當然(ran),由于(yu)設備(bei)集(ji)成(cheng)化(hua)越來越高(gao),對于(yu)部(bu)分系(xi)統(tong)(tong)而言,某些設備(bei)可能會同(tong)時(shi)以多個層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)身(shen)份存在于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。
一 . 表現層
表現(xian)(xian)城(cheng)是我們(men)最直(zhi)觀感(gan)受到(dao)的(de),它(ta)展現(xian)(xian)了整個安(an)防監(jian)控系統的(de)品(pin)質。如監(jian)控電視(shi)墻、監(jian)視(shi)器(qi)、高音報警(jing)喇叭、報警(jing)自動駁(bo)接電話等等都屬于這一層。
二 . 控制層
控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層是(shi)整(zheng)個安(an)防監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)核(he)(he)心,它是(shi)系統(tong)科技(ji)水平的(de)(de)最明(ming)確體現。通(tong)常我們的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)有兩種(zhong)(zhong)——模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)早期的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi),其控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臺(tai)通(tong)常由控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器或者模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矩陣(zhen)構成,適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)小(xiao)型局部安(an)防監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統(tong),這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)成本較(jiao)低,故障率較(jiao)小(xiao)。但對(dui)于(yu)中大型安(an)防監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統(tong)而(er)言,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方式(shi)就顯得(de)操作復雜且無任(ren)何(he)價格優勢了(le),這(zhe)時我們更為(wei)明(ming)智的(de)(de)選擇應該是(shi)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將工控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)計算(suan)機作為(wei)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)心,它將復雜的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)操作變為(wei)簡單的(de)(de)鼠標(biao)點擊(ji)操作,將巨大的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器堆(dui)疊(die)縮小(xiao)為(wei)一(yi)個工控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)計算(suan)機,將復雜而(er)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)龐大的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電纜變為(wei)一(yi)根(gen)串行電話線(xian)。它將中遠程監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)變為(wei)事實、為(wei) Internet 遠程監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)提供可能。但數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也不是(shi)那么十(shi)全(quan)十(shi)美(mei),控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主機的(de)(de)價格十(shi)分昂貴(gui)、模(mo)(mo)塊浪費的(de)(de)情況、系統(tong)可能出現全(quan)線(xian)崩潰的(de)(de)危機、控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)為(wei)滯(zhi)后等等問題仍然存在。
三 . 處理層
處(chu)理層(ceng)或許(xu)該(gai)稱為音(yin)(yin)視(shi)頻處(chu)理層(ceng),它將有傳(chuan)輸層(ceng)送過來(lai)的音(yin)(yin)視(shi)頻信號(hao)加以分(fen)配、放大(da)、分(fen)割等(deng)等(deng)處(chu)理,有機的將表現層(ceng)與(yu)控制層(ceng)加以連接(jie)。音(yin)(yin)視(shi)頻分(fen)配器(qi)、音(yin)(yin)視(shi)頻放大(da)器(qi)、視(shi)頻分(fen)割器(qi)、音(yin)(yin)視(shi)頻切換器(qi)等(deng)等(deng)設備都(dou)屬于這一層(ceng)。
四 . 傳輸層
傳(chuan)輸(shu)層相當于(yu)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統的(de)(de)(de)血脈。在(zai)小型安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統中,我(wo)(wo)們最常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)層設備(bei)是(shi)(shi)視頻線、音(yin)頻線,對于(yu)中遠(yuan)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)控系統而(er)(er)言,我(wo)(wo)們常(chang)使用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)射頻線、微波,對于(yu)遠(yuan)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)控而(er)(er)言,我(wo)(wo)們通(tong)常(chang)使用 Internet 這一(yi)廉(lian)價載(zai)體。值得(de)一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),新出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)層介質——網(wang)線 / 光纖。大多數(shu)(shu)人在(zai)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控上存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)個誤(wu)區,他們認為(wei)控制層使用的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)控制的(de)(de)(de)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統就是(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統了(le),其實不然。純(chun)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)介質一(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)網(wang)線或(huo)光纖。信(xin)號從采集層出(chu)來時(shi),就已經調制成數(shu)(shu)字(zi)信(xin)號了(le),數(shu)(shu)字(zi)信(xin)號在(zai)目前已趨成熟的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)絡上跑,理論(lun)上是(shi)(shi)無衰減的(de)(de)(de),這就保證遠(yuan)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)控圖(tu)像的(de)(de)(de)無損失顯(xian)示(shi),這是(shi)(shi)模擬(ni)傳(chuan)輸(shu)無法比擬(ni)的(de)(de)(de)。當然,高性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)回報也需要(yao)高成本的(de)(de)(de)投入,這是(shi)(shi)純(chun)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)安(an)防(fang)監(jian)(jian)控系統無法普及最重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因之一(yi)。
五 . 執行層
執(zhi)行層(ceng)是我們控制指(zhi)令(ling)的命令(ling)對(dui)象(xiang),在某些時候,它和我們后(hou)面所(suo)說的支撐誠、采(cai)集層(ceng)不(bu)太好截然分(fen)開,我們認為受控對(dui)象(xiang)即為執(zhi)行層(ceng)設備。比如:云臺、鏡頭、解碼器(qi)、球等等。
六 . 支撐層
顧(gu)名思(si)義,支(zhi)撐層是用(yong)于后端設備(bei)的支(zhi)撐,保護和(he)支(zhi)撐采(cai)集層、執行層設備(bei)。它包括支(zhi)架(jia)、防(fang)護罩等(deng)等(deng)輔(fu)助設備(bei)。
七 . 采集層
采集層是整個安防監控系統品質好壞的關鍵因素,也是系統成(cheng)本開(kai)銷最(zui)大的地(di)方。它(ta)包括(kuo)鏡頭(tou)、攝像機(ji)、報警傳感器等等。
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