安防監控系統組成部分有哪些?
安防監(jian)(jian)控系統是(shi)一(yi)門被人們日益重視的新(xin)興專(zhuan)業,就目前(qian)發展(zhan)(zhan)看,應用普(pu)及越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang),科(ke)(ke)技(ji)含量越(yue)來越(yue)高。幾乎所有(you)高新(xin)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)都(dou)可(ke)促(cu)進其發展(zhan)(zhan),尤(you)其是(shi)信息時代的來臨,更為該專(zhuan)業發展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供契機。但就監(jian)(jian)控業界(jie)而言(yan),系統組成一(yi)直(zhi)沒(mei)得到(dao)明確(que)的劃分,這使工程商和用戶之間談到(dao)安防監(jian)(jian)控系統時溝通很不方便。
對(dui)于(yu)安防監控系(xi)統(tong),根據系(xi)統(tong)各部分(fen)功能的不同(tong),我們將整個安防監控系(xi)統(tong)劃分(fen)為七層(ceng)——表現層(ceng)、控制層(ceng)、處理層(ceng)、傳輸層(ceng)、執(zhi)行(xing)層(ceng)、支撐(cheng)層(ceng)、采集(ji)層(ceng)。當然,由于(yu)設備集(ji)成化越來(lai)越高,對(dui)于(yu)部分(fen)系(xi)統(tong)而言(yan),某些設備可能會同(tong)時以(yi)多(duo)個層(ceng)的身份存在于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)中。
一 . 表現層
表現城(cheng)是我(wo)們最(zui)直觀感受到的(de)(de),它(ta)展現了整(zheng)個安防(fang)監(jian)控(kong)系統的(de)(de)品質。如監(jian)控(kong)電視墻、監(jian)視器、高音報警喇叭(ba)、報警自動駁接電話(hua)等等都屬于(yu)這(zhe)一層。
二 . 控制層
控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)是(shi)整個安防監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心,它是(shi)系(xi)統科技水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)最明(ming)(ming)確體(ti)現。通常我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)(shi)有兩種(zhong)——模(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和數字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。模(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)(shi),其控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臺通常由控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器或者模(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矩陣構(gou)成,適用于小型(xing)局(ju)部安防監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統,這種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式(shi)(shi)成本較低(di),故障(zhang)率較小。但(dan)對于中大型(xing)安防監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統而(er)言,這種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)就顯得操(cao)作(zuo)復雜且無任何價(jia)(jia)格(ge)優(you)勢(shi)了,這時我(wo)們(men)更為(wei)明(ming)(ming)智的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇應該是(shi)數字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。數字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將工控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)計算機(ji)作(zuo)為(wei)監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核心,它將復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)操(cao)作(zuo)變為(wei)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼠標點擊操(cao)作(zuo),將巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)擬(ni)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器堆疊縮小為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個工控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)計算機(ji),將復雜而(er)數量龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)纜變為(wei)一(yi)(yi)根(gen)串行電(dian)話線。它將中遠程監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)變為(wei)事實、為(wei) Internet 遠程監(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)提(ti)供可能。但(dan)數字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也不是(shi)那么十(shi)全十(shi)美(mei),控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)十(shi)分昂貴(gui)、模(mo)塊浪費的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況、系(xi)統可能出現全線崩潰的(de)(de)(de)(de)危機(ji)、控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)較為(wei)滯(zhi)后等等問題仍然存在。
三 . 處理層
處(chu)理層(ceng)(ceng)或許該稱為音視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)處(chu)理層(ceng)(ceng),它將有(you)傳(chuan)輸層(ceng)(ceng)送過來的音視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)信號加(jia)以(yi)分(fen)配、放(fang)(fang)大(da)、分(fen)割等等處(chu)理,有(you)機的將表現層(ceng)(ceng)與控(kong)制(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)加(jia)以(yi)連(lian)接。音視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)分(fen)配器(qi)(qi)、音視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)放(fang)(fang)大(da)器(qi)(qi)、視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)分(fen)割器(qi)(qi)、音視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)切換器(qi)(qi)等等設備都屬(shu)于(yu)這一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)。
四 . 傳輸層
傳(chuan)輸(shu)層相當(dang)于安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)血脈。在小型(xing)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,我們最常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)層設備(bei)是(shi)(shi)視(shi)頻線(xian)、音頻線(xian),對于中遠程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)而(er)言,我們常使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)射頻線(xian)、微波,對于遠程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)而(er)言,我們通常使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong) Internet 這(zhe)一廉價載體。值得(de)一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),新出現的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)層介質——網(wang)(wang)(wang)線(xian) / 光纖(xian)。大(da)多(duo)數(shu)人在數(shu)字(zi)(zi)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)上存在一個誤區,他們認為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)層使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)就是(shi)(shi)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)了(le),其實不然(ran)(ran)。純數(shu)字(zi)(zi)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)介質一定(ding)是(shi)(shi)網(wang)(wang)(wang)線(xian)或(huo)光纖(xian)。信號從采集層出來時,就已經(jing)調制(zhi)(zhi)成數(shu)字(zi)(zi)信號了(le),數(shu)字(zi)(zi)信號在目前已趨成熟的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡上跑,理論上是(shi)(shi)無衰減(jian)的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)就保(bao)證遠程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)圖像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)無損失顯示,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬傳(chuan)輸(shu)無法比擬的(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)然(ran)(ran),高性能的(de)(de)(de)回報也需要高成本的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)純數(shu)字(zi)(zi)安(an)防(fang)(fang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)無法普及最重要的(de)(de)(de)原因之(zhi)一。
五 . 執行層
執行層(ceng)是(shi)我(wo)們(men)控制指(zhi)令的命令對(dui)象(xiang),在某些(xie)時候,它和我(wo)們(men)后面所說的支撐誠(cheng)、采集層(ceng)不太好(hao)截然分開,我(wo)們(men)認為(wei)受控對(dui)象(xiang)即(ji)為(wei)執行層(ceng)設備。比如:云臺、鏡頭、解碼器、球等等。
六 . 支撐層
顧名思義,支撐層(ceng)是用于后端(duan)設備(bei)的支撐,保護和(he)支撐采集層(ceng)、執行(xing)層(ceng)設備(bei)。它包括支架、防護罩(zhao)等等輔助設備(bei)。
七 . 采集層
采集層是整個安防監控系統品(pin)質好壞的(de)關鍵因素(su),也(ye)是系統成(cheng)本開銷最大的(de)地方。它包(bao)括鏡頭(tou)、攝像機、報警傳感器等等。
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